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May 14, 2025By Indira Varma
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. The cervix acts like a gateway between the uterus and the vaginal canal.
This cancer develops when the cells lining the cervix begin to change abnormally and grow out of control. Over time, these abnormal cells can form a tumor and may spread to nearby tissues or other parts of the body if not treated.
What Causes Cervical Cancer?
The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection. While most HPV infections resolve on their own, some can persist and lead to abnormal cell changes that may develop into cancer over time.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer:
- HPV infection (especially types 16 and 18)
- Early sexual activity or multiple sexual partners
- Weakened immune system
- Smoking
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives
- Lack of regular cervical screening
Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
In the early stages, cervical cancer often shows no symptoms, which is why screening is crucial. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
Prevention Strategies
- HPV Vaccination: The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection with the types of HPV most commonly linked to cervical cancer. It is recommended for preteens but can be given up to age 45.
- Regular Screening: Pap smears and HPV tests can detect precancerous changes early. Women aged 21–65 should follow their country’s screening guidelines.
- Safe Sexual Practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV transmission.
- Quit Smoking: Tobacco use increases the risk of cervical and other cancers.
- Boost Immunity: A healthy lifestyle supports the immune system’s ability to fight HPV infections naturally.
Final Thoughts
Cervical cancer is largely preventable and treatable when detected early. Empowering women through education, increasing access to HPV vaccination, and promoting regular screening are vital steps in reducing the global burden of this disease.
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